BD Demystified
Stuff You Need to Know About Blu-ray
Table of Contents
- List of Figures and Tables
- Foreword by Andy Parsons
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- About Blu-ray Disc™
- Movies, Television Shows, and More
- About This Book
- Units and Notation
- Other Conventions
Chapter 1 – The Development of Blu-ray Disc
- A Brief History of Storage Technology
- TV’s Digital Face-Lift
- The CD Revolution
- The Long Gestation of DVD
- Format Wars, the Next Generation
- Chapter 2 – Technology Primer
- Understanding Digital and Analog
<- Pits and Marks and
Error Corrections
- Layers
- The Two HDs – High
Definition and High Density
- The World’s Television
Systems
- Frame Rates
- High-Definition Image
Resolutions
- Chroma Subsampling and Bit Depth
-
High-Definition Data Streams
- Bird Over the Phone:
Understanding Video Compression
- Advanced Video Codecs
- Birds Revisited: Understanding Audio Compression
-
Speakers Everywhere
- A Few Timely Words About Jitter
- Pegs and Holes: Understanding Aspect Ratios
-
Widescreen Displays
- Why 16:9
- The Transfer Tango
- More on Interlaced vs. Progressive Scanning
- New
Display Technologies
- HD Discs Meet HD Video Meet HD
Television
- Chapter 3 – Features
- Building on DVD Features
- The Makeover from DVD to
Blu-ray Disc
- Network Connection
- Persistent Storage
and Local Storage
- Authorized Copying and Authorized
Recording
- Chapter 4 – Content Protection, Licensing, and Patents
- Implementing Content Protection
- Advanced Access
Content System (AACS)
- AACS Managed Copy
- BD-ROM Mark
- BD+
- Content Protection on Recordable Discs
-
Watermarking
- Digital Transmission Content Protection
(DTCP)
- High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP)
- Summary of Protection Schemes
- The Analog Sunset
- Regional Management
- Ramifications of Content
Protection
- Chapter 5 – Physical Disc Formats
- BD-ROM Mastering
- BD-ROM Composition and Production
- BD-RE Composition
- BD-R Composition
- BD Error
Correction
- BD Data Modulation
- BD-R/RE Recording
-
Phase-Change Recording
- Burst Cutting Area (BCA)
-
Hybrid Discs
- Media Storage and Longevity
-
Improvement over DVD
- Chapter 6 – Application Details
- BDAV
- Organizational Structure
- BDMV
-
Presentation Data
- Paths and Subpaths
- BD-ROM
Application Types
- Presentation Planes
- Organization
Structure
- Navigation Data
- User Interaction
-
Video Formats
- Advanced Video Applications
- Audio
Formats
- Presentation Graphics
- Parental Management
- Metadata
- HDMV Details
- HDMV Graphics
Limitations
- Interactive Audio
- Browsable Slideshow
- BD-Java (BD-J) Details
- System Overview
- BD-J
Application Programming Interface (API)
- BD-J Menus
-
Graphics Drawing
- BD-J Text
- Advanced BD-J Features
- Local Storage
- Virtual File System
- BD-Live
Functionality
- Application Signing
- Credential
Process
- Chapter 7 – Players
- High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
-
DisplayPort Interface Standard
- Upscaling DVD
- Player
Types
- Blu-ray Disc Recorders
- Player Connections
-
BD Player User Tools
- How to Get the Best Picture and
Sound
- Viewing Distance
- Compatibility
- Chapter 8 – Myths
- Myth: “Blu-ray is Revolutionary”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Will
Fail”
- Myth: “We’ll Soon Get Everything from the Internet
and Discs Will Go the Way of Dinosaurs”
- Myth: “Some
Discs Won’t Play If the Player Doesn’t Have an Internet
Connection”
- Myth: “BD-Live Discs Don’t Work on All
Players
- Myth: “Profile 2 (BD-Live) Players and Discs
Make Previous Players Obsolete”
- Myth: “Profile 3 and
Profile 4 or Future Profiles Will Make Previous Players
Obsolete”
- Myth: “The BDA Will Soon Mandate that All BD
Players Have an Internet Connection”
- Myth: “If You
Unplug Your Profile 2 (BD-Live) Player From the Internet It
Will Stop Working”
- Myth: “AACS, BD+, and BD-Live Allow
Studios to Spy on Consumers”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Doesn’t Look
Any Better Than Upconverted DVD”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Players
Downconvert Analog Video”
- Myth: “DVD Players Can Be
Upgraded to Play Blu-ray Discs”
- Myth: “Older Blu-ray
Players Can Be Upgraded to New Profiles”
- Myth: “Existing
Receivers with Dolby Digital and DTS Decoding Work Perfectly
With Blu-ray Players”
- Myth: “Analog Connections from DVD
Players and Blu-ray Players Won’t Work with US TVs After the
February 2009 Analog Cutoff”
- Myth: “Blu-ray
Manufacturing Is Too Intricate and Too Expensive”
- Myth:
“The Blu-ray Disc Association Prohibits Adult Content”
-
Myth: “Blu-ray Is a Worldwide Standard”
- Myth: “1080p
Video is Twice the Resolution of 1080i”
- Myth: “All Blu-ray
Titles are (or Must Be) Encoded in 1080p”
- Myth: “Blu-ray
Players Only Output 1080i Video”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Does Not
Support Mandatory Managed Copy”
- Myth: “Managed Copy
Means Every Blu-ray Disc Can be Copied For Free”
- Myth:
“BD+ Interferes With Managed Copy”
- Myth: “Region Codes
Don’t Apply to Computers”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Players Can’t
Play CDs or DVDs”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Is Better Because It Is
Digital”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Video is Poor Because It Is
Compressed”
- Myth: “Video Compression Does Not Work for
Animation”
- Myth: “Discs Are Too Fragile to Be Rented”
- Myth: “Dolby Digital or DTS Means 5.1 Channels”
-
Myth: “The Audio Level from Blu-ray Players Is Too Low”
-
Myth: “Downmixed Audio Is Not Good Because the LFE Channel
Is Omitted”
- Myth: “Blu-ray Lets You Watch Movies as
They Were Meant to Be Seen”
- Myth: “Java and JavaScript
Are the Same Thing”
- Myth: “All Blu-ray Discs Must Use
AACS”
- Myth: “AACS Is Required for HDMV, BD-J, Network Access, or
Local Storage Access”
- Chapter 9 – What’s Wrong with Blu-ray Disc?
- Copy Protection
- Regional Management
- Hollywood
Baggage on Computers
- NTSC versus PAL Is Also 60 Hertz
versus 50 Hertz
- Connection Incompatibilities
-
Playback Incompatibilities
- Poor Performance
- Feeble
Support of Parental Choice Features
- Not Better Enough
- No Reverse Play
- Only Two Aspect Ratios
- No
Barcode Standard
- No External Control Standard
- Poor
Computer Compatibility
- Limited Web Standard
- Too
Many Encoding Formats
- Too Many Inputs
- Too Many
Channels
- Not Enough Interactivity
- Too Much
Interactivity
- Conclusion
- Chapter 10 – Interactivity
- Recreating DVD’s Success
- A New Kind of
Interactivity
- The Seamless User Experience
- Target
Applications
- Additional Features
- Specialized User
Input
- Chapter 11 – Use in Business and Education
- The Appeal of Blu-ray
- The Appeal of Blu-ray for Video
- The Appeal of Blu-ray for Data
- Chapter 12 – Production Essentials
- Blu-ray Disc Project Examples
- General BD Production
- Tasks and Skills
- The BD Production Process
-
Persistent Storage
- Network Connected Features –
BD-Live
- Project Design
- Menu Design
-
Navigation Design
- Balancing the Bit Budget
- Asset
Preparation
- The Zen of Subwoofers
- Slipping
Synchronization
- Preparing Subtitles
- Preparing
Graphics
- Video Artifacts
- Putting It All Together
(Authoring)
- Formatting and Output
- Testing and
Quality Control
- Replication, Duplication, and
Distribution
- Disc Labeling
- Package Design
-
Production Maxims
- BD-ROM Production
- Hybrid Discs
- Chapter 13 – Blu-ray and Beyond
- Looking Back at DVD
- Peering Forward...Into the
Digital Fog
- Beyond Blu-ray
- The Death of DVD?
-
Seeing Double
- The Changing Face of Home Entertainment
- The Far Horizon
- Appendix A - About the Disc
- Appendix B – Reference Data
- Appendix C – Related Standards and Specifications
- Appendix D – References and Information Sources
- Glossary
- Index
- Chapter 1 – Introduction
- Table I.1 Meaning of Prefixes
- Table I.2 Media Gigabyte Conversions
- Table I.3 Notations
Used in This Book
- Chapter 1 – The Development of Blu-ray
Disc
- Figure 1.1 Punched Card and Optical Disc
- Chapter 2 –
Technology Primer
- Figure 2.1 Optical Disc Pits
- Figure 2.2
Number Squares
- Figure 2.3 Optical Disc Layers
- Figure 2.4
Run-length Compression Example
- Figure 2.5 Color and
Luminance Sensitivity of the Eye
- Figure 2.6 Block
Transforms and Quantization
- Figure 2.7 Typical MPEG Picture
Sequence
- Figure 2.8 MPEG Video Compression Example
- Figure 2.9 Frequency Masking and Hearing Threshold
- Figure
2.10 Effects of Interface Jitter
- Figure 2.11 Effects of
Sampling Jitter
- Figure 2.12 TV Shape vs. Movie Shape
- Figure 2.13 Peg and Hole
- Figure 2.14 Shrink the Peg
- Figure 2.15 Slice the Peg
- Figure 2.16 Squeeze the Peg
- Figure 2.17 Soft Matte Filming
- Figure 2.18 Pan and Scan
Transfer
- Figure 2.19 The Anamorphic Process
- Figure
2.20 Aspect Ratios, Conversions, and Displays
- Figure 2.21
Wide (Full) Mode on a Widescreen TV
- Figure 2.22 Expand
(Theater) Mode on Widescreen TV
- Figure 2.23 Opening the
Frame from 1.85 to 1.78
- Figure 2.24 Common Aspect Ratios
- Figure 2.25 Display Sizes at Equal Heights
- Figure 2.26
Relative Display Sizes for Letterbox Display
- Figure 2.27
Interlaced Scan and Progressive Scan
- Figure 2.28 Converting
Film to Video
- Figure 2.29 DTV and HD Ready Logos
- Table
2.1 Image Data Stream Examples
- Table 2.2 Compression Ratios
for Disc Technologies
- Chapter 3 – Features
- Table 3.1
Hollywood Studio Requirements for Next-Generation Formats
- Chapter 4 - Content Protection, Licencing, and Patents
- Figure
4.1 Copy Protection
- Figure 4.2 Content Protection Systems
- Figure 4.3 Sequence Key Example
- Figure 4.4 AACS
Authentication Process
- Figure 4.5 Overview of BD-ROM Content
Protection Systems
- Figure 4.6 Blu-ray Disc Regions
- Table 4.1 Allowed Analog Output Devices for AACS
- Table 4.2
Blu-ray Disc Regions
- Chapter 5 – Physical Disc Formats
- Figure 5.1 BD Disc Structure
- Figure 5.2 BD Disc Cartridges
- Figure 5.3 BD Dual-layer Construction
- Figure 5.4
Phase-Change Recording
- Figure 5.5 Burst Cutting Area
- Table 5.1 Physical Characteristics of BD
- Table 5.2 Blu-ray
Disc Capacities
- Table 5.3 BD-RE Characteristics
- Table
5.4 BD-R Characteristics
- Chapter 6 – Application Details
- Figure 6.1 Blu-ray Disc Association Organizational Structure
- Figure 6.2 Structural Organization of BDAV Content
- Figure
6.3 Directory Structure of BDMV Disc
- Figure 6.4 Multiplexing
Process
- Figure 6.5 Blu-ray Disc Presentation Planes
- Figure 6.6 Structural Organization of BDMV Content
- Figure
6.7 Display Formats of 4:3 Aspect Ratio Content
- Figure 6.8
Display Formats of 16:9 Aspect Ratio Content
- Figure 6.9
Interlaced versus Progressive Display Modes
- Figure 6.10
Camera Angles Example
- Figure 6.11 Seamless Playback Example
- Figure 6.12 Speaker Positioning for 7.1 Channel
Configuration
- Figure 6.13 HDMV Multipage Menu Example
- Figure 6.14 BD-J System Overview
- Figure 6.15 BD-J
Specification Structure
- Figure 6.16 Graphics Drawing in
Source Mode
- Figure 6.17 Graphics Drawing in Source-over
Mode
- Figure 6.18 Audio Mixer Components
- Figure 6.19
Workflow for Application Signing
- Figure 6.20 Credential
Creation Process
- Figure 6.21 Generalized Block Diagram of
an MPEG-2 Encoder
- Figure 6.22 Generalized Block Diagram of
a VC-1 Encoder
- Figure 6.23 Generalized Block Diagram of an
AVC Encoder
- Figure 6.24 Block Diagram of a Dolby TrueHD
Decoder
- Figure 6.25 Block Diagram of a DTS-HD Lossless
Decoder
- Figure 6.26 Example of Virtual Package
- Table
6.1 Blu-ray Disc Association Technical Expert Groups
- Table
6.2 Blu-ray disc Association Specification Books
- Table 6.3
Guide to BD Alphabet Soup
- Table 6.4 General Characteristics
of BDMV Presentation Data
- Table 6.5 Comparison of HDMV and
BD-J Features
- Table 6.6 Navigation Commands
- Table 6.7
Player Status Registers (PSRs)
- Table 6.8 User Operations
(UO)
- Table 6.9 Virtual Key (VK) Events
- Table 6.10
Supported Resolutions and Frame Rates for Primary Video on Blu-ray
Disc
- Table 6.11 Recommended Data Rate Limitations for
Camera Angles
- Table 6.12 Allowed Combinations of Primary
and Secondary Video Codecs
- Table 6.13 Allowed Combinations
of Primary and Secondary Video Formats
- Table 6.14 Supported
Primary Audio Formats for Blu-ray
- Table 6.15 Supported
Secondary Audio Formats for Blu-ray
- Table 6.16 Correlation
of PSD 13 Settings to MPAA Ratings
- Table 6.17 BD-J Memory
Overview
- Table 6.18 BD-J API Overview
- Chapter 7 –
Players
- Figure 7.1 RCA Phono Connector
- Figure 7.2 BNC
Connector
- Figure 7.3 Phono/Miniphone Connector
- Figure
7.4 DIN-4 (S-video) Connector
- Figure 7.5 Toslink Connector
- Figure 7.6 IEEE 1394 Connector
- Figure 7.7 DB-25
Connector
- Figure 7.8 SCART Connector
- Figure 7.9 Type F
Connector and Adapters
- Figure 7.10 RJ-45 Connector
- Figure 7.11 DVI Connector
- Figure 7.12 HDMI Connector
- Figure 7.13 DisplayPort Connector
- Figure 7.14 Example BD
Remote Control
- Table 7.1 Blu-ray Disc Player Profiles and
Features
- Table 7.2 Examples of Compatibility Problems
- Chapter 10 – Interactivity
- Figure 10.1 Studio Revenue in 2007
- Chapter 11 – Use in Business and Education
- Figure 11.1 The
Authoring Environment Spectrum: Utility vs. Ease of Use
- Chapter 12 – Production Essentials
- Figure 12.1 Sample Disc
Flowchart
- Figure 12.2 Navigation Flowchart Example
- Figure 12.3 Blu-ray Player Remote Control Example
- Figure
12.4 Data Rates vs Capacity
- Figure 12.5 Video Safe Areas
- Figure 12.6 Package Icons and Identifiers
- Figure
12.7 Sample PNG Mosaic Graphic
- Table 12.1 BD Project
Examples
- Table 12.2 The BD Production Process
- Table
12.3 Disc Capacities for Bit Budgeting
- Table 12.4 Sample
Bit Budget
- Table 12.5 Typical Project Assets
- Table
12.6 Video Graphics Checklist
- Table 12.7 Testing Checklist
- Chapter 13 – Blu-ray and Beyond
- Figure 13.1 US DVD and BD
Penetration in the First Three Years
- Figure 13.2 DVD and BD
Title Releases
- Figure 13.3 DVD and BD Disc Shipments
- Figure 13.4 Media Convergence in the Digital Age
- Table
13.1 Technology Penetration Rates-Years to Reach 50% of US
Homes
- Appendix A – About the Disc
- Figure A.1 Disc Flowchart
- Appendix B – Reference Data
- Figure B.1 Conversion Formulas
for Playing Times, Data Rate, and Size
- Figure B.2
Relationships of BD Formats
- Table B.1 BD, DVD, and CD
Capacities and Playing Times
- Table B.2 Data Rates at Various
Playing Times
- Table B.3 BD Stream Data Rates
- Table B.4
Limits on BD Elements
- Table B.5 Download Time for Various
Payloads and Bandwidths
- Table B.6 Bandwidth Requirements for
Desired Download Times
- Table B.7 DVD, HD DVD, BD, and CD
Characteristics Comparison
- Table B.8 Video Resolutions
- Table B.9 ISO 3166 Country Codes, BD and DVD Regions
- Table B.10 ISO 639 Language Codes